The Yadavas (Modern Jadons)of  Bayana /Tahangarh : Their Origin ,Antiquity and Migrations

Ancient History of Yadava Dynasty

Yadavas, descendants of lunar race Yadu king ,the eldest son of Yayati and Devayani ,a nomade pastoral race of ancient India. The date of their arrival, in India is unknown. At the time of Krishna's birth they were in the neighbourhood of Muttra, now called Mathura, a town on the banks of the river Jamuna and about 120 miles south of the site of the ancient city of Hastinapur. They dwelt on both sides of the river, on the western bank in Vrindavana, and in the Gokula  on the opposite shore. They afterwands migrated to Dwaraka, on the western coast of the peninsula of Gujerat. Krishna belonged to this tribe, and he induced them to abandon the worship of Indra, and substitute the mountain Govardhana. Violence and disorder prevailed wherever the Yadava settled. Nearly all the tribe was destroyed at Prabhasa during a drunken affray, and others perished in Dwaraka when it was overwhelmed by a tidal wave.

• The origin of the name Jadon from the Yadava-

The word Jadon ,is traced by  Sir Henry Elliot to Yadu or Yadava , but it would perhaps be more correct to say that Jadon ,Jadu ,Jadava ,and Yadava are etymologically the same,the former being corruptions of the last. Dr Hornle has pointed out  that Jadon might be simply a corruption of Jadava as Badon is for Badava.The word Jadava was no longer current in vernacular speech and had been superseded by the hindi Jadu (Badu) which by itself would not admit of expansion in to Jadon (Badon).

Ancient Yadus/Yadavas (Sanskrit) means in Hindi is Jadus/Jadon. The modern Bhatis, Jadons, Chudasamaj, Sarviyas, Rayzadas, Jadhavas of devagiri, Wadiyars of Mysore and Jadejas are the real yadus or Yadava clan of Lunar race kshatriyas.

According to Vasistha, the priest of Raja Sudas in his prayers to Indra says ( Rv.VII, 19 , 8.) that  the Yadava and Turvasa evidently means the distant descendants of Yadu and Turvasu  of Lunar race kshatriy kings , sons of Maharaja Yayati and his wife Devayani respectively , for the word Yadava is admittedly a Vedic patronymic derived from Yadu , and the word Turvasa is a derivative of the Vedic word Turvas , {Turvas being the Vedic form which stands for the Puranic form Turvasu ; the form Turvasu also is some times used in the Rgveda} .same is in case of Yadava and Yadu .Lines other than those preserved in the Puranas existed, as each king was the father , not of one son only, but of many sons ;in this way the Yadus and Turvasus multiplied into Tribes. The chiefs of these tribes were titled as Yadavas and Turvasa respectively.

• Mahabharata says (Kumb MBh I ,79 42)

"It has been remembered that the Yavanas and Yadavas were the descendants of theTurvasu and Yadu ,the sons of Yayati Nahusa ." The Philologists declare that the "Y "in 'Yavana or Yadava ' may be replaced by "J" ; that is both the form "Yavana " and "Javana" , same as in" Yadava and Jadava " are permissible and therefore the interchangeable. Javana even in later Sanskrit literature "one who possesses speed " Now the word Turvas also means "one who runs fast " ; so that both the words Turvas and Javanas means same .Just as the Yadavas mean the descendants of Yadu. So the Yavanas- the Javanas mean the descendants of Yavana (Turvasu ) .

•  Medieval Period

As per some accounts, the beginning of Karauli State's history is marked by the arrival of Yadava king Vijaipal to Bayana (now in Bharatpur district). Maharaja Vijaipal is said to belong to the 88th generation of Yadavas after Lord Krishna. According to a publication from Mathura, in 879 CE Yadava King Icchapal ruled over the city. He had two sons Brahmapal and Vinayakpal. Brahmapal succeeded his father to the throne of Mathura and Vinayakpal became the king of Mohaivgarh (Mahoba). The former was then succeeded by his son Jayendpal or Jayindrapal in 966 CE (Vikram Samvat 1023). He was the first one to have annexed Bayana by defeating the Gurjar-Pratihars. Jayendrapal had 11 children among whom Vijaipal was the eldest.

•  Maharaja Bijay Pala (Vikram Samvat 1056-1103)-

 As stated previously, King Vijaipal acceded to the throne of Mathura in 999 CE (Vikram Samvat 1056). Seeing the excessive invasions from yavanas in Mathura, he started fortification on the Bayana hill and named the newly constructed fort as Vijaimandirgarh. He later decided to shift his capital to the Vijaimandirgarh Fort. This fort later came to be known as the Fort of Bayana. Throughout his lifetime, he fought 35 battles and emerged victorious in all of them.

For this reason, he came to be known as Vijaidhiraj. Most of the stories about the king are contained in Vijaipal Raso, written by Nall Singh. It illustrates the Maharaja's life and its various aspects like religious and social, bravery stories and clan traditions. In folklore, Vijaipal is remembered as a brave, skilful and intelligent king.

After establishing Vijaimandirgarh, the King expanded his empire. He fought several battles and resisted all foreign invasions. Some also say that his army defeated the army of the Khilji Sultan of Malwa. In commemoration of this victory, there is a Vijay Stambh (the Pillar of Victory or Bhimlat) inside the fort premises. On this, there is an inscription that mentions 371 CE - 372 CE (Vikram Samvat 428) as the building year. One importantbattle was fought against the army led by a commander called Abu Bakr Kandhari. King Vijaipal's men fought the battle with great valour.

As per some accounts, the credit of building the Bayana fort is given to Maharaja Vijaipal. But there might be evidence to suggest otherwise. It is well-known that the Maharaja left Mathura to settle a new capital at Mani Pahad (Shripath). This suggests that prior to his arrival also there existed a fort there. In fact, there is also an inscription on one of the fort pillars that mentions the 371 CE - 372 CE (Vikram Samvat 428) as the construction year. Even if the original settlement at the fort pre-dated king Vijaipal, it cannot be denied that the Vijaimandirgarh Fort was indeed maintained and improved greatly by King Vijaipal.

• Following lines from local folk literature indicate this.

Khata Khat Khoob Khatkaao, Kheench Khando Dudharo Ko, Ki Dushman Dehal Jaye, Dekh kar Taigo Ke Baaron Ko Na Zinda Jaye Bachkar, Ek Bhi Is Yuddh Bhoomi se, Bicha Do Ek Hi Vaar Mai, Tum Yoddha Hazaron Ki.

As far as his demise is concerned, the legend goes that once upon returning from the battle against Abu Bakr Kandhari's army, the excited soldiers picked up the enemy's flags. Royal women inside the fort saw the colour of these flags and assumed that their army had lost the battle. As was the tradition at that time, they went on to perform jauhar and jumped into a holy pyre. When the King returned and saw such a plight, he passed away too. Later when the enemy forces under Abu Bakr Kandhari learnt about the situation at Bayana Fort, they again attacked it. This time the King's forces could not save the fort.

King Vijaipal married 29 times throughout his lifetime and had 18 sons. 11 of them are said to have been martyred in the last battle against Abu Bakr Kandhari. Timanpal was the eldest among the surviving sons who went on to become the King later. The other sons builts the forts and ruled in different territories.

•  Maharaja Tahan Pala (Vikram Samvat 1103-1147)12 -

 Post the demise of his father and elder brothers, Timanpal was the heir. But the Bayana Fort was under the enemy's control. Timanpal spent several years in exile in the daang region gathering his forces to fight back. Thereafter, he laid the foundation of another fort in 1048 CE (Vikram Samvat 1105), which he called Timangarh fort. Folklore goes that during his exile, Timanpal met with an ascetic who guided him to proceed in a direction on his horse and then stop wherever his horse stops. It is believed that the fort of Timangarh is actually built on this spot. He built high walls around the fort to provide it a strong external defence. On the inside, there were numerous army stations for security, markets, wells, ponds and temples for the general public, and a grand palace for the royals on the other side. He also built a 5-feet thick and 30-feet high wall on all four sides of the fort. It was inaugurated in a grand ceremony in

1058 CE (Vikram Samvat 1115) and the king was also crowned then. The walled city came to be known as Tribhuna Nagri.

He triumphed over the Bayana Fort. King Timanpal also conquered most of daang region, including Alwar, Bharatpur, and Dholpur regions up to the bank of the Chambal River. After the victory, he built a fort at Dholpur. Like his father, he assumed the title of Vijayadhiraj as he fought many battles and emerged victorious in them. He was also known as Dharmadhikari, or the protector of all faiths, Param Bhattark Maharajidhiraj Parmeshvar, for he conquered such a large area, and Badanya Gambhir, for his great valour and might. Under his rule, the law-and-order situation in the state was great; cases of robbery were minuscule in number. The public especially the poor were taken care of and all religions and sects were equally respected.

Because of his influence, Jain ascetics (munis) stayed in this area for quite some time. Many Jain sculptures have been found here upon digging. Timanpal had a dislike towards wars and bloodshed and he preserve religious harmony. Later he also banned the hunting of wild animals in his state.The Maharaja had 20 wives and 11 sons. Eldest among them was Dharmpal. King Timanpal passed away in Vikram Samvat 1147 and his eldest son Dharmpal acceded the throne.

• 3- Maharaja Dharm Pala (Vikram Samvat 1147-1158) -

Dharmpal was crowned as the Maharaja at Timangarh in Vikram Samvat 1147. But his younger brother Harpal usurped the fort and Maharaja Dharmpal was forced to leave it. He then moved to a site on the bank of Chambal River and built a fort called "Dhaula Dera" and settled the city called Dholpur. Running his empire from Dholpur itself, in Vikram Samvat 1153 he then built the "Kumargarh fort" in Gaulori. He passed away in Vikram Samvat 1158.

•  4- Maharaja Kumar Pala (Vikram Samvat 1158-1170) -

Kumarpal was the eldest son of Dharmpal. After his father built the Kumargarh Fort in Vikram Samvat 1153, he began controlling that fort. In some time, he also defeated uncle Harpal and regained control over Timangarh. He then called his father over from Dholpur to Timangarh and let younger brother Badanpal to handle Dholpur. Under Kumarpal, the Yadavas also regained Bayana by defeating the foreign forces there. Maharaja Kumarpal is said to have defeated the Delhi sultanate armies on numerous occasions. He passed away in Vikram Samvat 1170.

•  5-Maharaja Ajay Pala (Vikram Samvat 1170-1191) and
• 6-Maharaja HariPala (Vikram Samvat 1191-1193)

Kumarpal's eldest son Ajaipal was made the Maharaja at Bayana Fort in Vikram Samvat 1170. He continued to safeguard the forts from invasions. He passed away in Vikram Samvat 1191 and his eldest son Haripal was crowned. Maharaja Haripal remained childless, and his rule could only remain until Vikram Samvat 1193.

•  8-Maharaja SohanPala (Vikram Samvat 1193-1202) -

Sohanpal, the younger brother of Haripal, acceded the throne as the latter passed away without a son. He was crowned in Vikram Samvat 1193 in Bayana but ran his rule from Timangarh.

He had 4 sons named Anangpal, Nanga, Nagarjun and Vagraj. Anangpal, the eldest among the sons ruled over Bayana. When the son visited his father at Timangarh in Vikram Samvat 1196, Afghani invader Muhammad Ghori invaded Bayana and occupied the fort. Then he moved towards Timangarh leading to a massive battle between Yaduvanshi and Ghori's armies. The invasion was targeted towards plundering the forts. King Sohanpal distributed all the royal wealth to the masses. The King along with his 3 sons were martyred in the battle and in Vikram Samvat 1197, Ghori had conquered Timangarh as well. He appointed one of his men Baha-ud-din Khan Tugril as the governor of both forts and renamed Bayana as Sultankot. The eldest son Anangpal (also known as Arjunbali) survived and was exiled into the forest.

•  9- Maharaj Anangpal (Vikram Samvat 1202-1243)'7

King Anangpal roamed in the forests for some time and then organized his clan men to conquer the Mandrayal Fort, which was built by his ancestors but under Islamic control at that time. The Fort had strategic importance as it allowed for easy travel between the south and the north. 1242, Anangpal attacked Mandrayal fort  and conquered it. He continued to rule over until 1243,when he passed away .His only son Prthvipal was the heir.

•  Migration of Yadavas (Modern Jadon Rajputs)-

The only Hindu descendants of the Yaduvanshis at the present day are the Jadons of the small state of Karauli to the west ot the Chamhal and at Sabalgarh or Jadonvati in the Gwalior territory east of that river; but the Musalmans of acknowledged Jadon descent form a very large portion of the population of Eastern

Rajputana , from Sohna and Alwar on the west to the Chambal on the east, and from the banks of the Jamuna to Karauli and Sabalgarh on the south. These Jadon Musalmans are known as Khanzadas  and Meos. The Yaduvanshis claim descent from Krishna.  Muhammad  Ghori and Kutb-ud-din Aibak who took Bayana and Tahangarh in 1196 A.D., After this the Jadon Raja retired to Karauli and thence across the Jamuna to Sahalgarh, but eyentually returned to Karauli .

The tribe  in United Provinces is now represented by the senior  Families of Umargah ,Narkhi , Okhara, Jondhari and Neemkhera and Raja of Kotla and Awa in Pargana Firozabad and  Jalesar of the Agra and Etah district in that time .The family in Jewar  of Bulandshahr are known as Chhokarzada. The Baresir of Agra, are said to haye been given this title, which corresponds  to Bahadur, by Akbar for their services  at thethe siege of Chithod. They claim descent from Raja Tindpal of Bayana. The Jasawat are another branch of immigrants to Agra from Jaisalmer and Jaipur.Several of the Jat tribes like Sinsinwars of Bharatpur State ,Haga and Thakurele of Mahavan ,Sadabad ,Chhata ,Iglas and Khair tahsils in Mathura and Aligarh districts.poarchand Bangar Jadons are found in Hathras district in Husayan,Mendu ,Dariyapur area and some other villages .

State and District-wise distribution of Ancient Yadavas(Modern Jadon) Clan of Rajputs-

1.  Rajasthan State-

Karauli, Bharatpur ,Alwar, Dholpur and some areas in Bhilwara, Udaipur ,Rajsamand , Baran ,Kota and Bundi. Migration from Bayana and  Tahangarh .

      2. Uttar Pradesh State-

 Mathura ,Aligarh ,Agra ,Etah ,Hathras ,Firozabad , Bulandshahr ,Gautambuddh Nagar ,Hapur ,Kasganj ,Kanpur, Etawa, Banda, Hamirpur, Mahoba, Kaushambi, Auraiya , Jalaun and Jhansi.All Jadon rajputs in these districts are migrated from Bayana and Tahangarh .

       3. Madhaya Pradesh State-

Muraina (Sabalgarh and Sumawali area) ,Sheopur ,Gwalior , Guna, Ashok Nagar ,Vidisha ,Raysain , Bhind ,  Hoshangabad ,Shajahpur, Indore and Dewas.districts. In all these districts migration is from Bayana ,Tahangarh and also Karauli.

       4. Bihar State-

Bhagalpur ,Banka ,Munger ,Purniya , Sultangunj and Jamui districts.In all these districts Jadons are migrated from Sabalgarh area of Muktawat branch of Jadon Rajput.

 Jadon Rajput's old  Estates-

Rajasthan -

• A- Karauli District -

Princly State -Karauli , having 37 Kotris including  Hadoti ,Amargarh ,Inaiti ,Raontra , Bartun  and Fatehpur are principal .

•  B- Dholpur district-

 Sir-Mathura , Rijhouni , Bilouni .

•  C- Alwar district-

Kalyanpura ,Mail Kheri and Kankwari.

Madhya Pradesh-

 Kathaun . Kathiwada , Palpur ,Bijaipur ,Naugon ,Datana and Gobar Gaondi .

 Uttar Pradesh- 

• A- Firozabad district-

 Umargarh ,Okhara ,Narkhi , Jondhari ,Kheda Neem /Mudasama , Pariha-Kotla ,

•  B- Etah District-

 Awa (Awagarh) 

•  C- Aligarh district-

Somana ,Birpura, Gabhana ,Kora-Rustampur, Ashrafpur Jalal, Panchon, Baranadi ,Manrauli .

•  D- Hatharas District(poarch Jadon)-

Husayan , Mendu , Daryapur and Hathras.

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 Author- Prof. Dr Dhirendra Singh Jadaun

Village- Larhota, Sasni District- Hathras, U.P

Principal- Govt Girls P.G College ,Sawaimadhopur, Rajasthan